FSE publikasjoner 2010

Bakken, T., Kongsrud, J. A., Oug, E., Cochrane, S. K. J., Moen, T. L. & Solbakken, B. E. B.  (2010). Polychaetes from Jan Mayen (Annelida, Polychaeta). Polar Research, 29, 1-21.
Abstract: A thorough literature review has been undertaken to establish the first complete account of polychaetes recorded from the area around the volcanic island of Jan Mayen. The annotated checklist lists 121 species-level taxa, representing an increase from the 75 species previously recorded. The checklist is based on existing records, supplemented with material sampled in 1999, from which 42 species new to the area were reported. Some previously reported species from the area have been excluded because of inadequate documentation. The polychaete fauna of Jan Mayen is comparable with that of the mainland Norwegian coast and the Svalbard area. No taxa unique to the island were found. However, knowledge of the marine invertebrate fauna in general at Jan Mayen is sparse because few surveys have been undertaken there. It is expected that future expeditions will reveal further new taxon records for the area

Blom, H. H. & Lindblom, L.  (2010). Degelia cyanoloma (Schaer.) H. H. Blom & L. Lindblom comb. et stat. nov., a distinct species from western Europe. Lichenologist, 42, 23-27.
Abstract: Degelia cyanoloma (Schaer.) H. H. Blom & L. Lindblom is resurrected from synonymy and elevated from varietal rank to species. The taxon was earlier referred to D. plumbea (Lightf.) P. M. Jorg. & P. James, however, several discontinuous character states distinguish the two species. Degelia cyanoloma is characterized morphologically by having a large thallus that is pale greyish when dry, lobes that are composed of consecutive trough-shaped segments with an upper surface without squamules, no isidia or soredia, and apothecia discs that are dark reddish brown to blackish. Degelia cyanoloma has a euoceanic distribution and is known from western Europe (Norway, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Portugal, Spain). Based on results from studies of morphology, we hypothesize that D. atlantica (Degel.) P. M. Jorg. & P. James is the closest relative of D. cyanoloma among the European species of the genus whereas D. plumbea is closely related to D. ligulata P. M. Jorg. & P. James

Dole, S. A., Jordal, B. H.  & Cognato, A.I. (2010). Polyphyly of Xylosandrus Reitter inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54, 773-782.

Abstract: The Xyleborina ambrosia beetle genus Xylosandrus contains 54 species, several of which are of economic importance. The monophyly of the genus was tested using a data set comprised of multiple gene loci: 28S rDNA; the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI); and the nuclear genes arginine kinase (ArgK), rudimentary (CAD), and Elongation Factor 1α (EF-1α). The nuclear protein-coding genes CAD and ArgK were used for the first time in phylogenetics of Scolytinae. Analyses were performed using Parsimony and Bayesian optimality criteria. Our analyses included 43 specimens representing 15 Xylosandrus species and 20 species from Amasa, Anisandrus, Cnestus, Euwallacea and Xyleborus, and two species from the outgroup genus Coccotrypes. All analyses recovered a polyphyletic Xylosandrus. Several species of Xylosandrus were consistently placed in clades with the genera Anisandrus and Cnestus with high support values (100% bootstrap support). Among these, was the economically important invasive species X. mutilatus, which was consistently recovered as part of the “Cnestus” clade. In our analyses, both CAD and ArgK demonstrated phylogenetic utility across varying nodal depths. Despite the selection of genes with signals at complementary phylogenetic depths, the data set used herein did not resolve the phylogeny of Xylosandrus and related genera. Since the taxon sample available for molecular work represents only a fraction of Xylosandrus species, a complete revision that combines molecular and morphological data in a total evidence approach is recommended for the genus.

Ekrem, T., Willassen, E. & Stur, E.  (2010). Phylogenetic utility of five genes for dipteran phylogeny: A test case in the Chironomidae leads to generic synonymies. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57, 561-571.
Abstract: In this study we examine the utility of three mitochondrial (COI, COII, 16S) and two nuclear (CAD and EF-1a) markers for estimating lower-level phylogenetic relationships within the dipteran family Chironomidae. As a test case we use species of the genus Micropsectra and the putatively closely related genera Krenopsectra, Parapsectra and Paratanytarsus. We also examine the phylogenetic evidence for the currently accepted species groups within the genus Micropsectra. In our results, highly variable EF-1a sequences within some species indicate the first find of paralogous gene copies in nematocerous Diptera. Among the other genes. COI is found to have the weakest while CAD contains the strongest phylogenetic signal. The resulting phylogeny displays a well-supported, but paraphyletic Micropsectra with regard to Krenopsectra acuta and five Parapsectra species, indicating taxonomic synonymy of these genera with 100% posterior probability. The genus Parapsectra is polyphyletic within Micropsectra while Paratanytarsus remains monophyletic although with low posterior probability. Micropsectra acuta, M. bumasta, M. fallax, M. nohedensis, M. mendli, M. uliginosa, M. chionophila, M. nana, M. styriaca and M. wagneri will all be new combinations as a consequence of the synonymy. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Jordal, B. H.  (2010). Revision of the genus Phloeoditica Schedl - with description of two new genera and two new species in Phloeosinini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae). ZooKeys 56, 141-156.
Abstract: The genus Phloeoditica Schedl currently Includes four species from Southeast Asia These species vary substantially in important morphological characters and indicate the existence of multiple genera for these species A revision based on morphological and in part molecular data resulted in the transfer of Phloeoditica setosa to Pseudoxylechinus the erection of a new genus Astophilus for Phloeoditica phloeosinoides and a new species A macropunctatus from Vietnam Another new genus with affinities to Phloeoditica is described based on the new species Microditica uniseriata from Thailand The new genera are included in a revised key to the tribe Phloeosinini

Lygre, F. & Schander, C.  (2010). Six new species of pyramidellids (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pyramidelloidea) from West Africa, introducing the new genus Kongsrudia. Zootaxa, 1-17.
Abstract: During an ongoing project investigating the benthic fauna of the Gulf of Guinea several new species of Pyramidellidae were identified. In spite of several recent investigations of the pyramidellid fauna of the area, a great portion of the fauna is obviously still un-described. This paper introduces five new species of Turbonilla sensu lato (T. krakstadi, T. anselmopenasi, T. iseborae, T. korantengi, T. alvheimi). A new Chrysallininae genus, Kongsrudia, is introduced with Actaeopyramis gruveli as type species. A new species, K. rolani is described, and Pyrgulina approximans, Chrysallida ersei, and Pyrgulina mutata (an existing nom. nov. pro P. lamyi) are transferred to the genus Kongsrudia

Malaquias, M. A. E.  (2010). Systematics, phylogeny, and natural history of Bullacta exarata (Philippi, 1849): an endemic cephalaspidean gastropod from the China Sea. Journal of Natural History, 44, 2015-2029.
Abstract: In this paper new data on the systematics, phylogeny, and trophic ecology of Bullacta exarata (Philippi, 1849) are presented. B. exarata is a cephalaspidean gastropod endemic to the China Sea that lives in estuaries along the north-eastern Chinese and western South Korean coastlines. The systematic position of this species is controversial and has been a matter of continuous debate. Therefore, in order to produce new insights into the phylogenetic position of this species, morphological and anatomical features have been analysed through fine dissection work and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), together with DNA sequence data. Bayesian phylogenetic inference based on concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear genes 18SrRNA and 28SrRNA, suggests the inclusion of B. exarata in the family Haminoeidae. SEM analysis of gut contents revealed that B. exarata feeds upon diatoms

Meyer, A., Todt, C., Mikkelsen, N. T. & Lieb, B.  (2010). Fast evolving 18S rRNA sequences from Solenogastres (Mollusca) resist standard PCR amplification and give new insights into mollusk substitution rate heterogeneity. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10.
Abstract: Background: The 18S rRNA gene is one of the most important molecular markers, used in diverse applications such as molecular phylogenetic analyses and biodiversity screening. The Mollusca is the second largest phylum within the animal kingdom and mollusks show an outstanding high diversity in body plans and ecological adaptations. Although an enormous amount of 18S data is available for higher mollusks, data on some early branching lineages are still limited. Despite of some partial success in obtaining these data from Solenogastres, by some regarded to be the most "basal" mollusks, this taxon still remained problematic due to contamination with food organisms and general amplification difficulties. Results: We report here the first authentic 18S genes of three Solenogastres species (Mollusca), each possessing a unique sequence composition with regions conspicuously rich in guanine and cytosine. For these GC-rich regions we calculated strong secondary structures. The observed high intra-molecular forces hamper standard amplification and appear to increase formation of chimerical sequences caused by contaminating foreign DNAs from potential prey organisms. In our analyses, contamination was avoided by using RNA as a template. Indication for contamination of previously published Solenogastres sequences is presented. Detailed phylogenetic analyses were conducted using RNA specific models that account for compensatory substitutions in stem regions. Conclusions: The extreme morphological diversity of mollusks is mirrored in the molecular 18S data and shows elevated substitution rates mainly in three higher taxa: true limpets (Patellogastropoda), Cephalopoda and Solenogastres. Our phylogenetic tree based on 123 species, including representatives of all mollusk classes, shows limited resolution at the class level but illustrates the pitfalls of artificial groupings formed due to shared biased sequence composition

Møller, P. R., Nielsen J.G., Knudsen, S.W. , Poulsen, J. Y., Sunksen, K., Jørgensen, O. A. (2010). A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. Zootaxa. 2378, 1-84   

Abstract: Although the Greenland fish fauna has been studied for more than 200 years, new species continue to be discovered. We here take the opportunity of the International Polar Year 2007-08 (IPY) to present an updated check-list of the fishes of Greenland and discuss whether the growing diversity can be explained by global warming. A total of 269 species from 80 families are known from the Greenland Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), based on published literature and specimens in museum collections. Since the latest publication covering all known Greenland fishes [ Nielsen & Bertelsen 1992], 57 species have been added. Nineteen of these (Harriotta raleighana, Centroscymnus coelolepis, Bathytroctes microlepis, Einara edentula, Ceratoscopelus maderensis, Argyropelecus gigas, Maurolicus muelleri, Polyipnus asteroides, Nansenia oblita, Melanostomias bartonbeani, Polymetme corythaeola, Coryphaenoides mediterraneus, Merlangius merlangus, Guttigadus latifrons, Entelurus aequoreus, Helicolenus dactylopterus, Epigonus telescopus, Lophius piscatorius, Linophryne bicornis) are reported here for the first time. Twenty-nine of the species were added on the basis of taxonomic revisions and/or identification of specimens caught before 1992, whereas 28 species have been caught in Greenland waters for the first time since 1992. Ten species were new to science described since 1992. Only five of the added species are Arctic - i.e. mainly caught north of the Davis and Denmark Straits. Of the 28 species caught after 1992, five species ( Maurolicus muelleri, Merlangius merlangus, Helicolenus dactylopterus, Lophius piscatorius, Entelurus aequoreus) from the southern regions ( Atlantic) are mainly from shallow waters (< 400 m) and their arrival is likely to be a result of increasing temperatures. The explanation of the many new records of deep-water fishes is most likely increasing fishing efforts down to depths of 1500 m. The deep waters off Greenland (> 1500 m), however, remain almost unstudied.

Ruiz, C., Jordal, B. H., Emerson, B. C., Will, K. W. & Serrano, J.  (2010). Molecular phylogeny and Holarctic diversification of the subtribe Calathina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Sphodrini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 55, 358-371.
Abstract: A molecular phylogeny of the subtribe Calathina was inferred from DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cox1-cox2 region and the nuclear genes 28S and EF-1 alpha. All lineages within Calathina from the Holarctic region were represented except for the monotypic subgenus Tachalus. Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the combined data set showed that the subtribe is a monophyletic lineage that includes a single genus Calathus, where other taxa currently ranked as independent genera (Lindrothius, Synuchidius, Thermoscelis and Acalathus) are nested within this genus. Neocalathus and Lauricalathus, both subgenera of Calathus, were found to be polyphyletic and in need of taxonomic revision. The subtribe appears to have originated in the Mediterranean Basin and thereafter expanded into most parts of the Palearctic region, the Macaronesian archipelagos (at least five independent colonisation events), the Ethiopian highlands and the Nearctic region (at least two independent events). (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Schander, C., Rapp, H. T., Kongsrud, J. A., Bakken, T., Berge, J., Cochrane, S., Oug, E., Byrkjedal, I., Todt, C., Cedhagen, T., Fosshagen, A., Gebruk, A., Larsen, K., Levin, L., Obst, M., Pleijel, F., Stohr, S., Waren, A., Mikkelsen, N. T., Hadler-Jacobsen, S., Keuning, R., Petersen, K. H., Thorseth, I. H. & Pedersen, R. B.  (2010). The fauna of hydrothermal vents on the Mohn Ridge (North Atlantic) 1. Marine Biology Research, 6, 155-171.
Abstract: The macrofauna of the newly discovered hydrothermal vent field on the Mohn Ridge at 71 degrees N was investigated. Samples were collected during the cruise BIODEEP 2006 using the ROV 'Bathysaurus'. A total of 180 species-level taxa were identified. The region contains very few vent-endemic species, but some species of Porifera, Crustacea and Mollusca may be vent-associated. Dense aggregations of motile non-vent species such as Heliometra glacialis and Gorgonocephalus eucnemis surrounded the vent area, but the area in general only held small numbers of sedentary animals. Calcareous sponges comprised an unusually high portion of the sponge species found and they constitute one of the first pioneers among the sessile invertebrates settling on these vents. Possible explanations for the structure of the fauna in the region are discussed

Vecchione, M., Bergstad, O. A., Byrkjedal, I., Falkenhaug, T., Gebruk, A. V., Godø, O. R., Gislason, A., Heino, M. P., Høines, g., Menezes, G. M. M., Piatkowski, U., Priede, I. G., Skov, H., Søiland, H., Sutton, T. T. & Wenneck, T. d. L. (2010). Biodiversity patterns and processes on the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Life in the World's Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance (pp. 103-121). Blackwell Publishing.

Velle, G., Brodersen, K. P., Birks, H. J. B. & Willassen, E.  (2010). Midges as quantitative temperature indicator species: Lessons for palaeoecology. Holocene, 20, 989-1002.
Abstract: Calibration data sets give a unique opportunity to establish patterns of biological existence and their statistical associations with environmental variables. By use of calibration data sets, environmental variables can be inferred quantitatively. The resulting long time-series may assist in distinguishing natural environmental variability from human-induced variability, both in terms of climate change and biotic turnover. However, the validity of the palaeoenvironmental reconstructions depends on their accuracy, precision and sensibility. Before performing palaeoenvironmental inferences, key mechanisms controlling contemporary species' distribution, abundances and dynamics should be identified and understood. An inference model is developed to produce reconstructions. A major challenge lies in validating and interpreting the reconstructions. Calibration data sets involving midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) suggest that climate has a broad-scale, regional control over midge existence and abundance, often over-riding the influence of local within-lake variables. In recent years, the use of midges as quantitative indicators of past temperatures has greatly expanded. As the number of reconstructions increase, especially in Fennoscandia and North America, it seems the among-site variability is so large that it is unlikely to be due only to local differences in climate. Hence, we question whether the long climate gradients in calibration data sets can accurately be used to calibrate local variables, when most local gradients in time and space are short. Ten Holocene chironomid-inferred temperature curves from Fennoscandia are compared. We illustrate some general principles in palaeoecology by identifying factors that may cause bias. Especially, we consider how calibration data sets simplify the complexity of the real world by maximizing single ecological gradients and by not taking into account co-varying variables. We give some recommendations and criteria that chironomid analysis should meet in order to improve the reliability of the temperature inferences. Finally, we discuss how the complex interactions between species and environment may have implications when we aim at predicting future biodiversity