• Outcome measures
• Other instruments

Other instruments used by students in quality of life research projects

Outcome measures

See www.qlmed.org/url.htm for an extensive list of quality of life instruments.

EUROQOL –

The EuroQoL is a generic health index comprised of a five-part questionnaire and a visual analogue self-rating scale. The questionnaire may be used as a health index to calculate a "utility" value or as a health profile.

Brazier J, Jones N, Kind P (1993). Testing the validity of the Euroqol and comparing it with the SF-36 health survey questionnaire. Quality of Life Research, 2, 169-180.

Nord E (1991). EuroQOL: health-related quality of life measurement. Valuations of health states by the general public in Norway. Health Policy, 18:25-36.

Norum J, Angelsen V, Wist E, Olsen JA (1996). Treatment costs in Hodgkin’s disease: a cost-utility analysis. Eur J Cancer, 32A(9):1510-1517.

Norum J, Wist EA (1996). Quality of life in survivors of Hodgkin’s disease. Qual Life Res, 5(3):367-374.

Norum J, Wist E (1997). [Hodgkin disease treated at Tromsø regional hospital 1985-93. diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, quality of life and costs of a decentralized treatment] Tidsskr- Nor- Lægeforen, 117(1):23-26

EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire.

The core instrument EORTC-QLQ-C30 covers a range of quality of life issues relevant to a broad spectrum of patients with cancer. Modifications have been made recently. See reference Osoba (1997).

Bjordal K, Freng A, Thorvik J, Kaasa S (1995). Patient self-reported and clinician-rated quality of life in head and neck cancer patients: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol, 31B(4):235-241.

Fossa SD, Woehre H, Kurth KH, et al (1997). Influence of urological morbidity on quality of life in patients with prostate cancer. Eur Urol, 31 (suppl 3):3-8.

(also contains PAIS)

Hjermstad MJ, Fayers PM, Bjordal K, Kaasa S (1998). Health-related quality of life in the general Norwegian population assessed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality-of-Life Questionnaire: the QLQ=C30 (+3). J Clin Oncol, 16:1188-1196.

Hjermstad MJ, Fossa SD, Bjordal K, Kaasa S (1995). Test-retest of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire. J Clin Oncol, 13(5):1249-1254

Kaasa S (1995). Using quality of life assessment methods in patients with advanced cancer: a clinical perspective. Eur J Cancer, 31A(suppl6):S15-S17.

Kaasa S, Bjordal K, Aaronson N, Moum T, Wist E, Hagen S, Kvikstad A (1995). The EORTC core quality of life questionnaire (QLQ-C30): validity and reliability when analyzed with patients treated with palliative radiotherapy. Eur J Cancer, 31A(13-14): 2260-2263.

Opjordsmoen S, WFhre Hm Aass N, Fossa SD (1994). Sexuality in patients treated for penile cancer: patients' experience and doctors' judgement. Br J Urol, 73: 554-560.

Osoba D, Aaronson N, Zee B, Sprangers M, teVelde A (1997). Modification of the EORTC-QLQ-C30 (version 2.0) based on content validity and reliability in large samples of patients with cancer. Quality of Life Research, 6, 103-108.

Ringdal GI, Ringdal K (1993). Testing the EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire on cancer patients with heterogeneous diagnoses. Qual Life Res, 2(2):129-140.

Wisloff F, Hjorth M, Kaasa S, Westin J (1996). Effect of interferon on the health-related quality of life of multiple myeloma patients. Br J Hæmatol, 94(2):324-332.

General Health Questionnaire (GHQ).

The GHQ is designed to measure current psychiatric disorders. It is chiefly concerned with identifying persons with potential problems and breaks in normal functioning. Several versions of the questionnaire have been developed and used over the years. The GHQ-28 contains four subscales: anxiety and insomnia, somatic symptoms, social dysfunction and severe depression.

Anke AB, Stenehjem AE, Stanghelle JK (1995). Pain and life quality within 2 years of spinal cord injury. Paraplegia, 33: 555-559.

Bakke A, Irgens LM, Malt UF, Hoesæter PA (1993). Clean intermittent catheterisation-performing abilities, aversive experiences and distress. Paraplegia, 31(5):288-297.

Bekkelund SI, Husby G, Mellgren SI (1995). Quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study in patients living in northern Norway. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 13: 471-475.

Bjordal K, Freng A, Thorvik J, Kaasa S (1995). Patient self-reported and clinician-rated quality of life in head and neck cancer patients: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol, 31B(4):235-241.

Bjorvatn C. Kvinner og arvelig brystkreft. Livskvalitet og distress før og etter en genetisk veiledningssamtale. Hovedfagsoppgave. Universitetet i Bergen, 1998.

Claussen B, Bjorndal A, Hjort PF (1993). Health and reemployment in a two year follow up of long term unemployed. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 47,14-18.

Goldberg DP, Williams P. Users' Guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor: NFER-Nelson, 1988.

Jacobsen BK, Hasvold T, Hoyer G, Hansen V (1995). The General Health Questionnaire: how many items are really necessary in population surveys? Psychol Med, 25(5):957-961.

Løkkeborg M. Livskvalitet hos pasienter med stråleskader. Hovedfagsoppgave Universitetet i Bergen, 1997

Malt UF, Mogstad TE, Refnin IB (1989). [Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire] Tidsskr-Nor-Lægeforen, 109(13):1391-1394.

Omdal R, Husby G, Mellgren SI (1995). Mental health status in systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol, 24(3):142-145.

Rannestad T. Livskvalitet hos kvinner med underlivsplager. Hovedfagsoppgave. Universitetet i Bergen, 1995

Steihaug S, Ahlsen B, Rutle O (1994). [Treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Physical training and group discussions in general practice] Tidsskr-Nor-Lægeforen, 114(9):1065-1069.

Steine S, LFrum E, Eritsland J, Arnesen H (1996). Predictors of enhanced well-being after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Intern Med 239: 69-73.

Wyller TB, Sveen U, Sodring KM, Pettersen AM, Bautz-Holter E (1997). Subjective well-being one year after stroke. Clin Rehabil, 11: 139-145.

Nottingham Health Profile (NHP).

The NHP contains two parts: Part I contains 38 items that cover 6 domains of experience: pain, physical mobility, sleep, emotional reactions, energy, and social isolation. Part II includes perceived problems in 7 areas of life: paid employment, jobs around the house, personal relationships, social life, sex life, hobbies, and holidays.

Andersen MH. En studie av livskvalitet hos pasienter med leggsår i Bergen Kommune. Hovedfagsoppgave, Universitetet i Bergen, 1995.

Ekeberg O, Klemsdal TO, Kjeldsen SE (1994). Quality of life on enalapril after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J, 15(8):1135-1139.

(also contains the Life Satisfaction Index)

Faugstad AS. Selvrapportert livskvalitet i en intervensjonsstudie av pasienter med ischemisk hjertesykdom som gjennomgår operativ behandling. Hovedfagsoppgave, Universitetet i Bergen, 1995

Hunt S & McKenna S (1989). European Guide to the Nottingham Health Profile. The European Group for Quality of Life and Health Measurement (Revised Ed.). 1989.

Hunt SM, Wiklund I (1987). Cross-cultural variation in the weighting of health statements: A comparison of English and Swedish valuations. Health Policy, 8, 227-235.

Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R, Argyle M (1988). The Nottingham Health Profile: an analysis of its sensitivity in differentiating illness groups. Social Science and Medicine, 27, 1411-1414.

Johansson B, Jadbäck G, Norrving B, Widner H, Wiklund I (1992). Evaluation of long-term functional status in first-ever stroke patients in a defined population. Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl 26, 105-114.

Karlberg J, Mattsson L-Å, Wiklund I (1995). A quality of life perspective on who benefits from estradiol replacement therapy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 74, 367-372.

Kjendahl A, Sallstrom S, Osten PE, Stanghelle JK, Borchgrevink CF (1997). A one year follow-up study on the effects of acupuncture in the treatment of stroke patients in the subacute stage: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Rehabil, 11(3):192-200

Mossin S. Helseprofil og mestring ved diffuse lidelser. Hovedfagsoppgave, Universitetet i Bergen, 1992

Rosén T, Wirén L, Wilhelmsen L, Wiklund I, Bengtsson BÅ (1994). Decreased psychological well-being in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol 40, 111-116.

Sällström S, Kjendahl A, Østen PE, Kvalvik Stanghelle J, Borchgrevink CF (1995). Akupunkturbehandling ved hjerneslag i subakutt fase. En randomisert kontrollert studie. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 115(23), 2884-2887.

Sällström S, Borchgrevink CF (1996). Akupunkturbehandling ved hjerneslag i subakutt fase. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 115(23), 2884-7.

Smedstad LM, Vaglum P, Kvien TK, Moum T (1995). The relationship between self-reported pain and sociodemographic variables, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol, 22(3):514-520.

Thorsen H, McKenna SP, Gottschalk L (1993). The Danish version of the Nottingham Health Profile: its adaptation and reliability. Scand J Prim Health Care 11, 124-129.

Ulvik B. Helserelatert livskvalitet og angina pectoris. Hovedfagsoppgave, Universitetet i Bergen, 1997

Wiklund I (1990). The Nottingham Health Profile - a measure of health-related quality of life. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, Suppl 1, 15-18.

Wiklund I, Herlitz J, Hjalmarson Å (1989). Quality of life five years after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 10, 464-472.

Wiklund I, Dimenäs E (1990). Svensk version av Nottingham Health Profile - Frågeformulär som mäter hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Läkartidningen 87, 1575-1576.

Wiklund I, Karlberg J (1991). Evaluation of quality of life in clinical trials. Selecting QL measures. Controlled Clin Trials 12 Suppl, 204S-216S.

Wiklund I, Holst J, Karlberg J, et al (1992). A new methodological approach to the evaluation of quality of life in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 14, 211-224.

Wiklund I, Welin C (1992). A comparison of different psychosocial questionnaires in patients with myocardial infarction. Scand J Rehabil Med 24, 195-202.

Psychological General Well-Being (PGWB).

The PGWB was developed for the purpose of providing an index that could be used to measure subjective well-being or distress. The PGWB consists of 22 items. For each item there are six response options that are scored on a scale of 1 to 6 according to the frequency and intensity of the experience. A value of 6 represents the most positive option and a value of 1 the most negative option. the PGWG has 5 dimensions: anxiety, depressed mood, positive well-being, self-control, general health, and vitality.

Dimenäs E, Glise H, Hallerbäck B, Hernqvist H, Svedlund J, Wiklund I (1993). Quality of life in patients with upper gastrointestinal disease. An improved evaluation of treatment regimens? Scand J Gastroenterol 28, 681-687.

Gundersen T, Wiklund I, Swedberg K, Amtorp O, Remes J, Nilsson (1995). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther, 9: 589-594.

Hjemdahl P, Wiklund IK (1992). Quality of life on antihypertensive drug therapy: scientific end-point or marketing exercise? J Hypertens 10, 1437-1446.

Karlberg J, Mattsson L-Å, Wiklund I (1995). A quality of life perspective on who benefits from estradiol replacement therapy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 74, 367-372.

Omvik P, Thaulow E, Herlan OB et al (1993). Double-blind, parallel, comparative study on quality of life during treatment with amlodipine or enalapril in mild or moderate hypertensive patients: a multi-centre study. Journal of Hypertension, 11, 103-113.

Sjöland H, Wiklund I, Caidahl K, Albertsson P, Herlitz J (1995). Relationship between quality of life and exercise test findings after coronary artery bypass surgery. International Journal of Cardiology 51, 221-232.

Wiklund I, Berg G, Hammar M, Karlberg J, Lindgren R, Sandin K (1992). Long-term effect of transdermal hormonal therapy on aspects of quality of life in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 14, 225-236.

Wiklund I, Karlberg J, Mattsson L-Å (1993). Quality of life of postmenopausal women on a regimen of transdermal estradiol therapy: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168, 824-830.

Wiklund I, Karlberg J, Lund B (1994). A double-blind comparison of the effect on quality of life of a combination of vital substances including standardized ginseng G115 and placebo. Curr Ther Res 55, 32-42.

SF-36.

The SF-36 is a short 36 item questionnaire that measures seven multi-item dimensions: physical functioning, social functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, role limitations due to emotional problems, mental health, energy/vitality, pain, and general health perception. An unscaled item asks respondents about health change over the past year. The scale in the Norwegian version is currently undergoing testing at the Department of Behavioral Sciences in medicine, University of Oslo. General information about the SF-36 can be obtained at www.sf-36.com

Gandek B, Ware JE, Aaronsn NK, Apolone G, Bjorner JB, Brazier JE, Bullinger M, Kaasa S, Leplege A, Prieto L, Sullivan M (1998). Cross-validation of item selection and scoring for the SF-12 Health Survey in nine countries: results from the IQOLA project. J Clin Epidemiol, 51, 1171-1178.

Hanssen T.A. Stress, mestring og helserelatert livskvalitet ved kronisk iscemisk hjertesykdom. Hovedfagsoppgave, Universitetet i Bergen, 1996.

Hauken M.Å. En klinisk studie av livskvalitet hos kvinner med langvarig bekkenløsningsplager. Hovedfagsoppgave, Universitetet i Bergen, 1998.

Kopjar B. (1996). The SF-36 health survey: a valid measure of changes in health status after injury. Inj Prev, 2(2):135-139.

Loge JH, Kaasa S, Hjermstad MJ, Kvien TK (1998). Translation and performance of the Norwegian SF-36 Health Survey in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. I. Data quality, scaling assumptions, reliability and construct validity. J Clin Epidemiol, 51: 1069-1076.

Nortvedt MW, Riise T, Myhr KM, Nyland HI, Hanestad BR (1999). Type I interferons and the quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients. Results from a clinical trial on interferon alfa-2a. Multiple Sclerosis, 5, 317-322.

Nortvedt MW, Riise T, Myhr KM, Nyland HI (1999). Quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Measuring the disease effects more broadly. Neurology, 53, 1098-1103.

Nortvedt MW, Riise T, Myhr KM, Nyland HI (2000). Quality of life a predictor for change in disability in MS. Neurology 55, 51-54.

Other instruments

The following is a list of instruments and scales used by students in projects that had a quality of life focus during the grant period. All instruments have been translated into Norwegian and are at varying stages of reliability and validity testing. References to published studies using the instruments are included where available. Persons interested in contacting students who have used these instruments in nursing research studies may contact Berit Hanestad at berit.hanestad@isf.uib.no.

• Angina Pectoris Quality of Life Scale (APQLQ)

• Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (AIMS)

Sægrov S. Håpet hos mennesker med revmatoid artritt. Hovedfagsoppgave. Universitetet i Bergen, 1994.

• Bartell Index

• Ferrans and Power's Quality of Life Index

Rustøen T. Hope and quality of life in newly diagnosed cancer patients. Doktoravhandling. Universitetet i Bergen 1998.

• Fibromyalgia Impact Scale

• Health Assessment Questionnaire

Aasland A, Flato B, Vandvik IH (1997). Psychosocial outcome in juvenile chronic arthritis: a nine-year follow-up. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 15: 561-568.

Smedstad LM, Moum T, Guillemin F, Kvien TK, Finch MB, Suurmeiher TP, van den Heuvel WJ (1996). Correlates of functional disability in early rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study of 706 patients in four European countries. Br J Rheumatol, 35: 746-751.

• Hopkins Symptom Checklist

Berg JE, Brevik JI (1998). Complaints that predict drop-out from a detoxification and counseling unit. Addictive Behavior, 23, 35-40.

Claussen B, Bjorndal A, Hjort PF (1993). Health and reemployment in a two year follow up of long term unemployed. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 47,14-18.

Ranhoff AH (1997). Activities of daily living, cognitive impairment and other psychological symptoms among elderly recipients of home help. Health and Social Care in the Community, 5(3), 1-6.

Ranhoff AH & Laake K (1995). Health and functioning among elderly recipients of home help in Norway. Health and Social Care in the Community, 3, 115-123.

Sandanger I, Moum T, Ingebrigtsen G, Dalgard OS, Sorensen T, Bruusgaard D (1998). Concordance between symptom screening and diagnostic procedure: the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview I. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33, 345-354.

• Hørnquist`s Quality of Life Scale

• Jalowiec Coping Scale

Wahl A, Moum T, Hanestad BR, Wiklund I, Kalfoss MH (1999). Adapting the Jalowiec Coping Scale in Norwegian adult psoriasis patients. Quality of Life Research, 8, 435-445.

• Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living

Advocaat C, Bautz-Holter E (1997). Prognosis one year after hip fracture. Tidsskr-Nor-Lægeforen, 117(26):3801-3803.

Bondevik M (1997). The oldest old and personal activities of daily living: associations with loneliness. Health Care in Later Life, 2, 14-25.

Jorunn Drageset. Ensomhet på sykehjem ? Hvilken betydning har behov for assistanse til utførelse av basale aktiviteter (ADL) og kontakt med sosialt nettverk for ensomhet? Hovedfagsoppgave. Universitetet i Bergen, 2000.

Fotland AM. Mening i eldre år. En undersøkelse av sammenhenger mellom gamles opplevelsr av mening i livet og subjektiv helse og funksjonsevne blant hjemmeboende. Hovedfagsoppgave. Universitetet i Bergen, 1995.

• McGill Pain Questionnaire

Krogstad BS, Jokstad A, Dahl BL, Vassend O (1996). Relationship between risk factors and treatment outcome in a group of patients with tempromandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain, 10, 48-53.

Strand LI, Ljunggren AE (1997). Different approximations of the McGill Pain Questionnaire in the Norwegian language: a discussion of content validity. J Adv Nurs, 26: 772-779.

Løkkeborg M. Livskvalitet hos pasienter med stråleskader. Hovedfagsoppgave Universitetet i Bergen, 1997

• Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Scale

Kalfoss MH (1992). The assessment of psychological distress. Scandinavian Jouranl of Caring Sciences, 6, 23-28.

Martinsen EW, Friis S, Hoffart A (1995). Assessment of depression: comparison between Beck Depression Inventory and subscales of Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 92: 460-463.

Salvesen KA, Oyen L, Schmidt N, Malt UF, Eik-Nes SH (1997). Comparison of long-term psychological responses of women after pregnancy termination due to fetal anomalies and after perinatal loss. Ultrsound Obstet Gynecol, 9(2): 80-85.

• Nowotny Hope Scale (Rustøen)

Rustøen T, Moum T (1997). Reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of the Nowotny Hope Scale--a nursing tool for measuring hope in cancer patients. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 11, 33-41.

Sægrov S. Håpet hos mennesker med revmatoid artritt. Hovedfagsoppgave. Universitetet i Bergen, 1994.

• Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale

Fossa SD, Woehre H, Kurth KH, et al (1997). Influence of urological morbidity on quality of life in patients with prostate cancer. Eur Urol, 31 (suppl 3):3-8.

Jacobsen MB, Hanssen LE (1995). Clinical effects of octreotide compared to placebo in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours. Report on a double-blind, randomized trial. J intern Med, 237(3):269-275.

Wilhelmsen I, Berstad A (1994). Quality of life and relapse of duodenal ulcer before and after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol, 29(10):874-879.

Wilhelmsen I, Bakke A, Tangen Haug T, Endresen IM, Berstad A. (1994). Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS-SR) in a Norwegian material of patients with function dyspepsia, duodenal ulcer, and urinary bladder dysfunction. Clinical validation of the instrument. Scand J Gastroenterol, 29:611-617.

• Purpose in Life

Giske T. Sjukdomstilstander og det sosiale nettverket si betydning for opplevinga av meining med livet. Hovedfagsoppgave. Universitetet i Bergen, 1992.

Bondevik M. The life of the oldest old. Studies concerning loneliness, social contacts, activities of daily living, purpose in life and religiousness. Doktoravhandling. Universitetet i Bergen 1997.

• Sense of Coherence

Berg JE, Brevik JI (1998). Complaints that predict drop-out from a detoxification and counseling unit. Addictive Behavior, 23, 35-40.

Haugland BØ. Mestringsressurser og helsestatus. Hovedfagsoppgave. Universitetet i Bergen, 1995.

Langeland.E. Sosial støtte og mestring. Hovedfagsoppgave. Universitetet i Bergen, 1994.

Mossin S. Helseprofil og mestring ved diffuse lidelser. Hovedfagsoppgave, Universitetet i Bergen, 1992.

Norekvål T.M. Kvinnehelse i fokus - ei survey av 147 kvinner sin opplevde livskvalitet og meistring etter hjerteinfarkt. Hovedoppgave. Universitetet i Bergen, 1998.

Tingvatn BS. Sosialt nettverk, helsestatus og opplevelse av sammenheng. Hovedfagsoppgave. Universitetet i Bergen, 1993.

• St. Georges’ Respiratory Questionnaire

• Ways of Coping Checklist

Kalfoss MH (1993). Coping and depression in chronically ill hospitalized elderly. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 85-94.

Hanssen T.A. Stress, mestring og helserelatert livskvalitet ved kronisk iscemisk hjertesykdom. Hovedfagsoppgave, Universitetet i Bergen, 1996.

Dysvik E. Opplevelse av stress og mestring ved sykdommen fibromyalgi. Hovedfagsoppgave, Universitetet i Bergen, 1996.

Thulin LB. Sammenhengen mellom stress, mestring og livskvalitet ved revmtoid artritt. Hovedfagsoppgave, Universitetet i Bergen, 1997.

Carol Burckhardt