Study finds increased risk of cancer in children to mothers with epilepsy using high-dose folic acid during pregnancy
High-dose folic acid is protective against congenital malformations if the mother is at particular risk of having a child with congenital malformations. However, some studies have raised concern that folic acid can increase the risk of cancer not only in the mother, but in the child when exposed during pregnancy.
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This Scandinavian register-based cohort study is a part of the SCAN-AED project which is a large study containing information from several nationwide health registers across the Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The researchers examined women who redeemed prescriptions for high-dose folic acid three months before pregnancy and until birth, and then followed each of their children from birth.
In total, this study included 3 379 171 children in which 27 784 were born to mothers with epilepsy including 5933 mothers with epilepsy who filled a prescription for high dose folic acid.
"We found an increased risk of childhood cancer if the child was born to a mother with epilepsy who filled for high dose folic acid before or during pregnancy, compared to children born to mothers with epilepsy without such prescription fills. The increased risk of cancer did not change after considering other factors that could explain the risk, such as concomitant fill for antiseizure medication. We did not find an increased cancer risk among children of mothers without epilepsy who used high-dose folic acid", says lead investigator Håkon Magne Vegrim, MD and PhD Ctudent at the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen.
The findings could not be explained by maternal epilepsy or other comorbidities such as maternal tuberous sclerosis, diabetes mellitus, previous cancer diagnosis or specific antiseizure medications such as valproate or carbamazepine. Although these are unique and concerning results that have potential to change clinical practice worldwide, it should be interpreted with caution:
"The benefit of folic acid supplements for child neurodevelopment in pregnant women using antiseizure drugs has been shown in several studies", says senior author, Marte Helene Bjørk, associate professor of neurology, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiB.
Folate remains important for normal growth and brain development of the unborn child. Whereas the current study raise concern about the safety of high-dose folic acid supplementation, no risk of cancer has been found in children after maternal low dose folic acid (0.4 mg) in pregnancy. Antiseizure medications can interact with the function, uptake, and break down of the vitamin and cause increased need of folate in women using these medications.
"We need to understand potential mechanisms behind the link we found to cancer in the child, and it is prudent to identify the optimal dose to balance the risks and benefits", underlines the researchers.
The study is titled "Cancer Risk in Children of Mothers With Epilepsy and High-Dose Folic Acid Use During Pregnancy" and was published by the prestigious journal JAMA Neurology September 26, 2022.
Link: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2796726
Funding: This study was funded by the NordForsk Nordic Program on Health and Welfare Scandinavian Multiregistry Study of Antiepileptic Drug Teratogenecity (project no. 83796).
